Israel saw in the region as the ancestral homeland of Judaism. But only in the Horn of 20th, there were not a Jewish majority since the era of the Roman emperor Titus (70 CE, the Bar Kochba revolt of 135 meters) - and, indeed, the majority there. Arabs and Jews both claim descent from Abraham (Ibrahim in the case of Arabs) and their languages are closely linked. While the Jewish people scattered all over the world (Arab territories, which is also inhabited by the descendants of some citizens, Muslim or Christian, and turn the speakers in Arabic). Their children to claim their rights, and continue to live.
This war is not in many cases and as a war against Islam non-Muslims. It seems that this reflects a reality. This is a colonial war against the European settlers, in comparison, as developed in South Africa and Algeria. Religion is related to political issues. (One complication is the belief of some Christians millenialist, especially in the United States that the end of the event times "in - believe pathetic but clearly influential on the policy of the United States in the context of Bush's second and last) system.
Even in 1917, Palestine was part of the Ottoman Empire. In the peace conference after World War I, Palestine and the United Kingdom is a mandate to manage the region. Before the war, Theodor Herzl suggested that the Jews in Palestine as a refuge from persecution and murder of the Russian Empire to order. That the Zionist movement began buying land in Ottoman Palestine. As European settlers in many countries in the era of hegemony and Zionism Herzl did not require the rights of citizens learned. Not all Jews in the world for its support and the Zionists, and many still do not.
During the war he had promised, and British Foreign Secretary AJBalfour Palestine as a "Jewish national home." This is due in part to support the Jewish people during the war to win. It is not clear what he thinks of this statement, these terms are not clear, but may be implied by the British ruled the region.
Jews from Russia and Germany to Palestine during the Ottoman and British co - operative settlements built on land purchased from Arabs. This has led to opposition from the Arabs, and organized in the first intifada. At that time, Jews fleeing from Nazi Germany, and there are two opposing armed groups. The British government tried to protect the rights of Arabs to protect and prevent the Jewish refugees to Palestine. The result is that both groups of Arabs that the British debt settlement.
The first war
In 1947, the United Nations, and to review the mandate of the former League of Nations, and ordered that the land between Arabs and Jews should be divided. But this step when the British realized that he could not control the situation. Zionist settlers in 1948, proclaimed its independence. Egypt, Transjordan (now Jordan), Palestine, and Syria fell. The Israeli army issued a new territory conquered, and the Arabs in the UN partition plan of the agreement. Egypt occupied the Gaza Strip.
War II
In 1956 there was a half years of war between Israel and Egypt, supported by Britain and France, who tried to (control of the Suez Canal, which is again Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalized). Israel must withdraw from the United Nations.
A third war
The last war in 1967 resulted in the seizure of the West Bank from Jordan and the Gaza Strip from Egypt.
Fourth War
A fourth war in 1973, gave Israel control of the Sinai Peninsula, and on the edge of the Suez Canal and the Golan Heights from Syria. Sinai returned to Egypt after the peace deal - and an open channel.
War of the Fifth
In 1982 and located in the south of Lebanon and Israel controlled the area for years, but now has been withdrawn.
Palestinians are now three main groups. One group living in Israel and Israeli citizens. Other groups living in the occupied West Bank and Gaza Strip, in an area that was originally granted to the Arabs by the United Nations. The third set and lived in refugee camps and Arab countries, particularly in Kuwait (until 1990) and elsewhere in the Gulf.
Contrary to international law, Israel is building Israeli settlements in the West Bank and occupied Jerusalem. Israel has declared the annexation of Jerusalem as the capital of Israel, but not from other countries, was the adoption of its ambassador in Tel Aviv and adopted.
Describe some religious groups and the Israeli political in the entire region through the Bible the idea of Greater Israel, and claimed the right to expel the Arabs - a policy of ethnic cleansing potential. Israel claimed that the right of every Jew in the world in the interest of Israel. After the collapse of the Soviet Union (1990-91), and thousands of Russian Jews arrived, which set the Arab people. However, there are also links that come out of Israel. As is the case in Rhodesia before independence, and the population is not stable as it seems.
Sixth War
In January 1991, Israel attacked by Iraqi missiles during the Gulf War, Iraq was bombed again.
Despite the fact that Syria was in contact with Israel, neutral in this war, and there are reports that Syria had to buy these missiles since the end of the war.
And holding the peace conference in Madrid asking for a meeting in October 1991. Walked slowly to the discussion and objection, and the amount of delay tactic - a clear willingness on the basis of the people of Israel who were forced to talk about a U.S. threat.
Peace?
At the end of August 1993, and it was revealed that secret talks, regardless of the official talks held in Norway between the PLO and the Israeli government. In September it was announced that both parties have recognized the other hand. Palestinians will not be allowed to manage the Gaza Strip and Jericho. This is the essence of a Palestinian state. The Israeli government seems to hope that the union with Jordan.
Members of the opposition Likud party to the treaty. Hamas and the Islamic Party of all contracts. This remains to be seen whether the agreement will bring peace. Many Palestinians see it as less than they are entitled, despite the fact that others feel better that there is something out of nothing at all.
On the right-wing Israeli government, Ariel Sharon can not be selected for more autonomy for the Palestinians as possible. Another outbreak of the Palestinian uprising in 2000 and led to something close to all-out war in 2002
Relations with Arab countries should not be reduced further, but what about all the weak and dependent on the United States.
The Seventh War (2002-3)
Israeli forces attacked in the country looking for organizations that train suicide bombers who killed people in Israel. This, in turn the invasion, to encourage more Palestinians to prepare themselves for suicide attacks. Sharon's government has started building a wall in the territories occupied by Israel proper (but a lot of individual settlements by Israel in the West Bank and Gaza Strip) and several Palestinian areas near the Israeli wall.
2006
Ariel Sharon resigned from his post after suffering a stroke in January 2006. Choose Hamas Palestinian government together, and form, which states that there is no right to recognize the existence of Israel. A group of militants entered Israel through a tunnel in June 2006 and captured an Israeli soldier. When Israel bombed the Gaza Strip again, and a number of buildings. The war continues, without stopping, at the same time as the war in Lebanon.
West Bank is the Government of the Conqueror, and secular moderate Hamas, which controls the Gaza Strip (but unspecified) away. Therefore, there is a civil war between the two Palestinian territories, in Gaza in a state of siege.
Iran
The Israeli government has threatened to launch attacks on Iran, and air maneuvers that might create a similar air attack on Iran's nuclear industry practices. When he was arrested by the Government of the United States? Or they are the tools of U.S. policy in Iran, and intimidation manipulated by Washington? Or the other, Israel is manipulating the United States?
December 2008
Until the outbreak of war in late December. Israeli air force bombed Gaza City and destroyed many buildings and killing hundreds of people. They argue that in response to rockets fired at Israel by Hamas supporters (which the transfer of power in the Gaza Strip). A few days later, Israeli forces in the Gaza Strip with tanks.
It seems unlikely that the Israeli government tried to suppress Hamas in the Gaza Strip, who was appointed to Barack Obama, for fear that the government will be less tolerant of President Bush to the Israeli aggression. Bush and Cheney expressed support for Israeli policies without any criticism at all.
Two days before the opening of the Obama's declaration of a truce, and Israel. Did not win anything?
Muslim hostility toward the West
This war can be caused by the proliferation of anti-American sentiment throughout the Muslim world, on the basis that Israel would most of the weapons from the United States, strong public support, and therefore seen as a proxy for the United States.
Is there a solution to this war?
In the long run, but the agreement between the Zionists and the descendants of indigenous tribes, and perhaps comparable to the process, the end of the apartheid regime in South Africa can achieve a lasting peace. Which seems far away. Both parties to compromise will be compensated, such as more immigrants live in democratic countries and the rights of owners of the land of origin, or to take to stay in the property anymore. Settlers had to admit that the original Zionist idea was a mistake. So far, only a small number of people from both sides to work on this type of solution. Can be assumed that the war will continue until the regular solution adopted.
Can the State of Israel and a permanent presence only during the war against neighboring Arab countries? If a peaceful solution? Method of the Israeli government has condemned by human rights monitors. These include the assassination of Palestinian dissidents, detention without trial, torture, and possible.
This conflict is unlikely in the near future to complete. The observer, however, is that both Arabs and Jews is Israel, such as those of the Crusaders in the Middle Ages, who surrounded him all the time, and the rulers of neighboring Arab countries. They are all playing the end.
Israel happy as an excuse to launch attacks on neighboring war "against terrorism" is mentioned - another slogan adopted by the United States but also South Africa, which used to claim the Cold War struggle against "communism." In both cases, and the emblems of victory, to request assistance from the United States. Nor does it when the war was in South Africa voted against the exclusive jurisdiction of the settlers, and that the war in Palestine, whether against injustice.
Two is the solution?
And many politicians say what they will see that the hope is that the solution to each side of a separate state. This formula in 1948, and the decision to partition Palestine territories in two areas: one for an Arab, and other settlers of the Zionists. This has the goal of all peace proposals. In practice, and it seems that none of the parties do not believe. Israeli practices demonstrate a willingness in the Palestinian territories, economic and military power limit. Believes that the Palestinians are clearly in the long term, it is the destruction of Israel, the two countries the situation is not only one step toward justice.
Appeared similar to the old South Africa, where previous governments have the power to majority status by giving people what to give, not as the Bantustans - the real power in the police and army in South Africa. The government is "male" that have very little autonomy and recognized by other countries. Now there is the President of the Palestinian Authority and Prime Minister and the civil service. Israeli troops from time to time, the authority of the collapsed buildings. Real income of only external support of the European Union and the Arab and other sources.
The economic situation of the people in the Palestinian territories by Israeli forces suppressed. If most Arabs want to see the state of Israel, in order to eliminate many of the Israelis and the Arabs want to see brought to the attention of Arab States who else? This conflict is very difficult to the head.
President Barack Obama has been appointed the United States negotiators in an attempt to promote peace.
Senin, 11 Januari 2010
Minggu, 10 Januari 2010
Indonesia in G-20
Shocks Top Group 20 (G-20) in Pittsburgh, United States (24/9/2009) has officially announced that the revenues in relation to the Group 8 (G8) were to G-20 as the official forum for economic cooperation worldwide. G-20 is an informal organization and not binding, but the effect is large enough to multilateral policy to promote the results.
Do the background G-20 came from the financial crisis in 1998 that extended. In fact, continues to this day, and the United States, a country hit by the impact so far.
As Economic Forum were the G-20 is an excellent guidance and issues of cooperation in the international monetary system. It contains an overview session will be on the industrial development of developed and developing countries and their financial policies that lead to international financial stability.
Besides the existence of the G-20 is also the world's elite, who previously dominated by developed countries are now divided into the elite group of developing countries. Along with that - Indonesia officially developing countries in the elite of the world economy.
In this case, many different views out. There were happy, but there are not too happy. For those who like to assess the inclusion of Indonesia as a member of the G-20 is the progress of Indonesia in the global arena. Indonesia has a role in determining the movement of the international economy.
In line instead of the position of President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono in a press conference in Pittsburgh to explain strategic position of Indonesia in determining the direction and policies of the global economy (27/9/2009). Can be assessed from the press conference that President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono was optimistic that Indonesia's role in the G-20 could play.
Learning about the events that have been - it was such optimism needs to be addressed and called for the government. Indonesia is able to really take advantage of those choices to maximize the position that they offered a better place to tell the world, the economic sphere?
Since the existence of the developed capitalist countries (capitalist center) in developing countries
Always on top and do not want to lose. In fact, the disadvantaged position of developing countries. Even more pathetic, they could in the government so that government policies in favor of it.
The presence in the central capitalist countries, only about profit. Rarely do you travel on the development and progress of the country. In fact, they are not in the development of local communities who live on the residents in the vicinity of industrial areas.
Repeated in the presence of the G-20 had all again and put the economic balance between developed countries with developed countries. Enter and equitable global economic development. I hope it was not just rhetoric developed countries in tackling the global financial crisis and maintain the industrial sector.
Learning in an existing case, it was a bit difficult to realize these expectations. Even though we know - the history of capitalist development of the central or the capitalist countries are not as good as expected. Kahadirannya many victims. In fact, for industrial progress, sometimes they are not worried about the humanitarian values. They tend to use mengekplotasi damage to the environment.
Something does not only work and nature. But there was also between
among them. In their trade competitiveness less attention to ethics. With perinsip ", which is strong and big companies are the ones who dominate the market and property. The weak will be rolled up and the status of workers or the proletariat."
And the global economy was finally offered only by the central capitalist. Following the successful market mengusai and megembangkan own industrialization in the capitalist countries began to market centers outside the country who are looking to developing countries. Including Indonesia.
Enlargement - the Center for capitalist countries still behind in technology and science. This place will thrive as communities and local authorities urgently need the presence of science and new technologies. Since that time, they started new industries with raw materials originating from natural sources, including the performance of government employees.
The arrival of the center not only capitalists Dredge natural resources, but also kill the local economy. However, the process of killing or control of the economy is slowly but surely. The process of acquiring the new perekonomiaan by promoting realized according to the state of the science and higher consciousness. And the role of local capitalists or capitalists suburbs began to decline in local or national markets.
Keep in - the center for capitalists, the domestic market is dominated by the capitalist periphery. Since the middle of the capitalists will slowly edge of the existence of the capitalist slowly eliminated. Size of the technology, management, personnel, capital and capitalist menjungkirbalikan edge.
Such things happen not only in developing countries, but also occurs in developed countries - small capitalists who were not forced to compete with large companies and the edge.
Back to the capitalist center - with facilities and infrastructure of the capitalist self-center, capable of producing quality goods at low cost. By law, the consumer market buying these products. Not only that call to the attractiveness of the capitalist center of a new innovation which is not carried by the capitalist periphery. Capitalist Center also new products that have not used the local capitalists and finally the control of the local market created.
In addition, use the local market in the central Capitalists Resources
Nature. People buy products derived from natural sources alone. In the next phase the control of natural resources by the capitalist center. In addition to removing the edge and get the capitalist control over natural resources, is also the pressure on the central Capitalist
Employees. Since labor costs are not abused for profit, but are based on the income of people is based on the spot. The slow pace of economic income communities peningkatapan difficult to make them grow.
Should know the location of industries would automatically open jobs. Yet the work does not unnecessarily increase the welfare of workers. It can be deduced from the lives of workers. Her life remains difficult. Perolah her salary only enough to keep it alive.
Reflecting on the developed countries - the protection of domestic production of the capitalist center Capitalists do not want outside the control of the market. Japanese examples. As hinder the Japanese auto industry in the United States, the United States directly on the movements, the development of the Japanese auto industry in the United States.
The image of the existence of the capitalist centers in developing countries. Even in Indonesia. We hope to Indonesia to integrate in the G-20 not only as a spectator. Therefore, Indonesia has only a spectator and a potential market. Furthermore this time is not a means to borrow money from the IMF and the World Bank, because the members of M 20 the ease of loans for economic development.
Together with the hope that Indonesia should build without effect on the debt. To prove the existence of self-government and the capitalist periphery is also an opportunity for companies that have dominated their own strong build. Including natural resources. Indonesia must be masters in their own country. Not as a spectator now.
Now the government should protect the continued existence of the domestic industry and support kebajakan progress of the capitalist periphery with a policy-specific. Despite later criticism of the central or the Capitalist Capitalist other countries. Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono's administration has kangkah. Since these measures for the protection and promotion of domestic industry
Do the background G-20 came from the financial crisis in 1998 that extended. In fact, continues to this day, and the United States, a country hit by the impact so far.
As Economic Forum were the G-20 is an excellent guidance and issues of cooperation in the international monetary system. It contains an overview session will be on the industrial development of developed and developing countries and their financial policies that lead to international financial stability.
Besides the existence of the G-20 is also the world's elite, who previously dominated by developed countries are now divided into the elite group of developing countries. Along with that - Indonesia officially developing countries in the elite of the world economy.
In this case, many different views out. There were happy, but there are not too happy. For those who like to assess the inclusion of Indonesia as a member of the G-20 is the progress of Indonesia in the global arena. Indonesia has a role in determining the movement of the international economy.
In line instead of the position of President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono in a press conference in Pittsburgh to explain strategic position of Indonesia in determining the direction and policies of the global economy (27/9/2009). Can be assessed from the press conference that President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono was optimistic that Indonesia's role in the G-20 could play.
Learning about the events that have been - it was such optimism needs to be addressed and called for the government. Indonesia is able to really take advantage of those choices to maximize the position that they offered a better place to tell the world, the economic sphere?
Since the existence of the developed capitalist countries (capitalist center) in developing countries
Always on top and do not want to lose. In fact, the disadvantaged position of developing countries. Even more pathetic, they could in the government so that government policies in favor of it.
The presence in the central capitalist countries, only about profit. Rarely do you travel on the development and progress of the country. In fact, they are not in the development of local communities who live on the residents in the vicinity of industrial areas.
Repeated in the presence of the G-20 had all again and put the economic balance between developed countries with developed countries. Enter and equitable global economic development. I hope it was not just rhetoric developed countries in tackling the global financial crisis and maintain the industrial sector.
Learning in an existing case, it was a bit difficult to realize these expectations. Even though we know - the history of capitalist development of the central or the capitalist countries are not as good as expected. Kahadirannya many victims. In fact, for industrial progress, sometimes they are not worried about the humanitarian values. They tend to use mengekplotasi damage to the environment.
Something does not only work and nature. But there was also between
among them. In their trade competitiveness less attention to ethics. With perinsip ", which is strong and big companies are the ones who dominate the market and property. The weak will be rolled up and the status of workers or the proletariat."
And the global economy was finally offered only by the central capitalist. Following the successful market mengusai and megembangkan own industrialization in the capitalist countries began to market centers outside the country who are looking to developing countries. Including Indonesia.
Enlargement - the Center for capitalist countries still behind in technology and science. This place will thrive as communities and local authorities urgently need the presence of science and new technologies. Since that time, they started new industries with raw materials originating from natural sources, including the performance of government employees.
The arrival of the center not only capitalists Dredge natural resources, but also kill the local economy. However, the process of killing or control of the economy is slowly but surely. The process of acquiring the new perekonomiaan by promoting realized according to the state of the science and higher consciousness. And the role of local capitalists or capitalists suburbs began to decline in local or national markets.
Keep in - the center for capitalists, the domestic market is dominated by the capitalist periphery. Since the middle of the capitalists will slowly edge of the existence of the capitalist slowly eliminated. Size of the technology, management, personnel, capital and capitalist menjungkirbalikan edge.
Such things happen not only in developing countries, but also occurs in developed countries - small capitalists who were not forced to compete with large companies and the edge.
Back to the capitalist center - with facilities and infrastructure of the capitalist self-center, capable of producing quality goods at low cost. By law, the consumer market buying these products. Not only that call to the attractiveness of the capitalist center of a new innovation which is not carried by the capitalist periphery. Capitalist Center also new products that have not used the local capitalists and finally the control of the local market created.
In addition, use the local market in the central Capitalists Resources
Nature. People buy products derived from natural sources alone. In the next phase the control of natural resources by the capitalist center. In addition to removing the edge and get the capitalist control over natural resources, is also the pressure on the central Capitalist
Employees. Since labor costs are not abused for profit, but are based on the income of people is based on the spot. The slow pace of economic income communities peningkatapan difficult to make them grow.
Should know the location of industries would automatically open jobs. Yet the work does not unnecessarily increase the welfare of workers. It can be deduced from the lives of workers. Her life remains difficult. Perolah her salary only enough to keep it alive.
Reflecting on the developed countries - the protection of domestic production of the capitalist center Capitalists do not want outside the control of the market. Japanese examples. As hinder the Japanese auto industry in the United States, the United States directly on the movements, the development of the Japanese auto industry in the United States.
The image of the existence of the capitalist centers in developing countries. Even in Indonesia. We hope to Indonesia to integrate in the G-20 not only as a spectator. Therefore, Indonesia has only a spectator and a potential market. Furthermore this time is not a means to borrow money from the IMF and the World Bank, because the members of M 20 the ease of loans for economic development.
Together with the hope that Indonesia should build without effect on the debt. To prove the existence of self-government and the capitalist periphery is also an opportunity for companies that have dominated their own strong build. Including natural resources. Indonesia must be masters in their own country. Not as a spectator now.
Now the government should protect the continued existence of the domestic industry and support kebajakan progress of the capitalist periphery with a policy-specific. Despite later criticism of the central or the Capitalist Capitalist other countries. Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono's administration has kangkah. Since these measures for the protection and promotion of domestic industry
United States and the United Kingdom to form anti-terrorist unit in Yemen
Scholarships valued at 140 million U.S. dollars to strengthen the training for new police and the Coast Guard. Suspect experiment said U.S. aircraft attack last Christmas, he was trained by al-Qaida in Yemen. The countries are used as basis for planning attacks.
Sunday (3 / 01) United States closed their embassies in Yemen. The employees were asked to stay home. According to the embassy, there is the threat of Al Qaeda wanting to attack U.S. bases in Yemen.
The British Prime Minister Gordon Brown Friday (31/12) digelarnya planned international conference on radical Islam in Yemen. The conference is scheduled to be held in late January of this year in London, ahead of the summit of the Taliban in Afghanistan.
Sunday (3 / 01) United States closed their embassies in Yemen. The employees were asked to stay home. According to the embassy, there is the threat of Al Qaeda wanting to attack U.S. bases in Yemen.
The British Prime Minister Gordon Brown Friday (31/12) digelarnya planned international conference on radical Islam in Yemen. The conference is scheduled to be held in late January of this year in London, ahead of the summit of the Taliban in Afghanistan.
whether international law has been effective or not?
Probably quite difficult for us to answer whether international law had been running with effective or not. But the author will try to describe the extent to which the implementation of international law and also the extent to which their effectiveness.
Let us begin by looking at how international law is made. Simply make the law in order to create. International law exists and was created to establish a peace in the world (peace keeping). In many areas where it is very possible a distortion that could cause chaos among the countries there. Of attraction and interest of the state forcing something else could happen when, where, and against anyone else. As realists that the relations between the countries in which anarchists are each other pursue his national interest and it is very possible military clash in the implementation.
That's why ultimately minded countries to reduce the possibilities of it. So each country who feel that the law needs to be formed, they gathered and made certain agreements that intersect terhadapa areas that need to be discussed. The hope is that the clash that might occur can be minimized and even eliminated, and of course also the creation of a peace in this world.
International law with international politics became a key word to describe the main problems associated with the problem of the effectiveness of international law in the state to ensure compliance with existing rules on the interstate level. International law itself comes from a few conventions and UN resolutions, with a holy purpose is nothing the international community is to foster a clean of all things hurt a country, thereby strengthening international relations or relations in a healthy state, dynamic and harmornis.
But in its implementation becomes very different when we look at actors who become perpetrators of international law. In relationship-woven by the countries of a country often occurs adverse action other countries. How international law regulate that? In international law there is named by an international responsibility. This is a concrete form as the implications of the law being violated. That is, when a state offense (eg do harmful actions of other countries) then he should abide by what has been outlined in international law.
International law exists to regulate all international relations for the duration of international life in spite of all forms of actions that harm other countries. Therefore, countries that take action which could harm other countries, or in terms of violation of collective agreement will be subject to legal implications, so a state must take responsibility for actions he had done.
What should be done by the state or the actors who violate international law? As the writer said above that for international law-breakers should do the international responsibility of law rules of international law which obliges the international legal person-action actors who violate international obligations that cause losses in other international legal persons for compensation.
Terakadang Nevertheless we still find there are countries that are not subject to sanctions against what he had done. The writer saw no international legal validity of the countries that could breach caused by the lack of functioning of international organizations in total and could be due to a violation of the hierarchical position of power who have more than the countries other.
More power is enough to make hegemony over other countries and also to the organizations specific intertasional. This condition later became knowledgeable of other countries and for international organizations that violate the law whenever it is a country that has power and contribute more to the countries and international organizations that exist. Pattern of mutual dependence also sometimes makes a country's attitude may change in response to a state pelangggaran. Fear of disngkirkan or not supported by the state that violate become a significant consideration by states that are part of international law actors.
In this context the author wants to argue that international law is not always able to operate effectively. It can be caused several things: such as the lack of functioning of international organizations, the dependence of small countries against big countries, if the violation is a country that has a greater power, dependence on certain international organizations of a particular country.
That is, the implementation of international law so far to be able to effectively complete. Because all versatile and value packed with interest. But that does not mean the law can not be executed. International law can be executed, but in certain limits can not be fully effective. This is because the composition and strukutur international system is hierarchically also influence. The trend that appears in the lawyer-implementasian international law when the violation is committed by big countries who have the power and contribute to the country and international organization or a patron in the international system, then the sanctions will be imposed could not match it should be. Conversely when the violation is a small country and has a hierarchically weak power it could just as easily be sanctioned.
Once again the writer wanted to say that it happens when the international system dominated by the hegemony even in a country so international law can be turned upside down dibolak casually. However, behind it all we must remain confident that the law must still be executed even though the conditions may be far from perfect
Let us begin by looking at how international law is made. Simply make the law in order to create. International law exists and was created to establish a peace in the world (peace keeping). In many areas where it is very possible a distortion that could cause chaos among the countries there. Of attraction and interest of the state forcing something else could happen when, where, and against anyone else. As realists that the relations between the countries in which anarchists are each other pursue his national interest and it is very possible military clash in the implementation.
That's why ultimately minded countries to reduce the possibilities of it. So each country who feel that the law needs to be formed, they gathered and made certain agreements that intersect terhadapa areas that need to be discussed. The hope is that the clash that might occur can be minimized and even eliminated, and of course also the creation of a peace in this world.
International law with international politics became a key word to describe the main problems associated with the problem of the effectiveness of international law in the state to ensure compliance with existing rules on the interstate level. International law itself comes from a few conventions and UN resolutions, with a holy purpose is nothing the international community is to foster a clean of all things hurt a country, thereby strengthening international relations or relations in a healthy state, dynamic and harmornis.
But in its implementation becomes very different when we look at actors who become perpetrators of international law. In relationship-woven by the countries of a country often occurs adverse action other countries. How international law regulate that? In international law there is named by an international responsibility. This is a concrete form as the implications of the law being violated. That is, when a state offense (eg do harmful actions of other countries) then he should abide by what has been outlined in international law.
International law exists to regulate all international relations for the duration of international life in spite of all forms of actions that harm other countries. Therefore, countries that take action which could harm other countries, or in terms of violation of collective agreement will be subject to legal implications, so a state must take responsibility for actions he had done.
What should be done by the state or the actors who violate international law? As the writer said above that for international law-breakers should do the international responsibility of law rules of international law which obliges the international legal person-action actors who violate international obligations that cause losses in other international legal persons for compensation.
Terakadang Nevertheless we still find there are countries that are not subject to sanctions against what he had done. The writer saw no international legal validity of the countries that could breach caused by the lack of functioning of international organizations in total and could be due to a violation of the hierarchical position of power who have more than the countries other.
More power is enough to make hegemony over other countries and also to the organizations specific intertasional. This condition later became knowledgeable of other countries and for international organizations that violate the law whenever it is a country that has power and contribute more to the countries and international organizations that exist. Pattern of mutual dependence also sometimes makes a country's attitude may change in response to a state pelangggaran. Fear of disngkirkan or not supported by the state that violate become a significant consideration by states that are part of international law actors.
In this context the author wants to argue that international law is not always able to operate effectively. It can be caused several things: such as the lack of functioning of international organizations, the dependence of small countries against big countries, if the violation is a country that has a greater power, dependence on certain international organizations of a particular country.
That is, the implementation of international law so far to be able to effectively complete. Because all versatile and value packed with interest. But that does not mean the law can not be executed. International law can be executed, but in certain limits can not be fully effective. This is because the composition and strukutur international system is hierarchically also influence. The trend that appears in the lawyer-implementasian international law when the violation is committed by big countries who have the power and contribute to the country and international organization or a patron in the international system, then the sanctions will be imposed could not match it should be. Conversely when the violation is a small country and has a hierarchically weak power it could just as easily be sanctioned.
Once again the writer wanted to say that it happens when the international system dominated by the hegemony even in a country so international law can be turned upside down dibolak casually. However, behind it all we must remain confident that the law must still be executed even though the conditions may be far from perfect
REALISM and NEOREALISM
* Focusing on the reality of conflict in IR + the positive function of “power politics”
* Assumptions:
(1) state is the primary actor and the of analysis
(2) IR takes place in anarchical environment
(3) state acts rationally to pursuit interests in terms of power
E.H. Carr
* Rejecting normative character of liberal internationalism; wishing more than thinking ® the failure of League of Nations proved the inadequacy of pure aspirations as the basis for science of IR ® emphasizing on the realities of power, that is the unequal distribution of power in IR, to understand the root causes of war
* Liberal arguments of harmony and peace reflected the interests of "satisfied powers" to preserve status quo ® the post war system has been created by the victors of war that was unlikely to receive the support of those such as Germany ® for non-satisfied powers, harmony and peace is a universal tyranny
* The pursuit of national Powel is natural ® clashes of national interests were inevitable ® minimizing such clashes required a rough balance of powers between states
H.J Morgenthau
* Scientific inclination ® eager to build theory based on "reality" of IR from which certainties and predictions could be deduced
* Six principles of realism ® (1) objective laws (2) the concept of interests defined in terms of power (3) the form and nature of state power will vary in time but the interest remain consistent (4) states are not moral actors (5) there is no universal set of moral principles (6) political sphere is autonomous
* Main argument ® politics is governed by human nature (will to power) + struggle between states and the pursuit of national interests is normal
K. Waltz
* Waltz neorealism was a critique of traditional realism and a response to liberal interdependency theory
* International system as separate realm with defined structure ® this system shapes state behavior; explaining why all states pursue similar foreign policy ® focusing on anarchical condition of international realm that imposes accumulation of power as a systemic requirement on states ® denouncing traditional realism as reductionist and put too much emphasis on behavior
* Three structures of international system: (1) the ordering principle of the system, that is non-hierarchic (2) the character of the units in the system, that is accumulating power (3) the distribution of the capabilities of the units in the system, that is unequal and constantly shifting distribution of power across the international system
Critics of Realism and Neorealism
* Marxist and Critical theory ® conservatism; preserving the status quo and reproducing the interests of dominant states
* Postmodernism ® questioning positivistic argument and such separate realm such as international system
* Assumptions:
(1) state is the primary actor and the of analysis
(2) IR takes place in anarchical environment
(3) state acts rationally to pursuit interests in terms of power
E.H. Carr
* Rejecting normative character of liberal internationalism; wishing more than thinking ® the failure of League of Nations proved the inadequacy of pure aspirations as the basis for science of IR ® emphasizing on the realities of power, that is the unequal distribution of power in IR, to understand the root causes of war
* Liberal arguments of harmony and peace reflected the interests of "satisfied powers" to preserve status quo ® the post war system has been created by the victors of war that was unlikely to receive the support of those such as Germany ® for non-satisfied powers, harmony and peace is a universal tyranny
* The pursuit of national Powel is natural ® clashes of national interests were inevitable ® minimizing such clashes required a rough balance of powers between states
H.J Morgenthau
* Scientific inclination ® eager to build theory based on "reality" of IR from which certainties and predictions could be deduced
* Six principles of realism ® (1) objective laws (2) the concept of interests defined in terms of power (3) the form and nature of state power will vary in time but the interest remain consistent (4) states are not moral actors (5) there is no universal set of moral principles (6) political sphere is autonomous
* Main argument ® politics is governed by human nature (will to power) + struggle between states and the pursuit of national interests is normal
K. Waltz
* Waltz neorealism was a critique of traditional realism and a response to liberal interdependency theory
* International system as separate realm with defined structure ® this system shapes state behavior; explaining why all states pursue similar foreign policy ® focusing on anarchical condition of international realm that imposes accumulation of power as a systemic requirement on states ® denouncing traditional realism as reductionist and put too much emphasis on behavior
* Three structures of international system: (1) the ordering principle of the system, that is non-hierarchic (2) the character of the units in the system, that is accumulating power (3) the distribution of the capabilities of the units in the system, that is unequal and constantly shifting distribution of power across the international system
Critics of Realism and Neorealism
* Marxist and Critical theory ® conservatism; preserving the status quo and reproducing the interests of dominant states
* Postmodernism ® questioning positivistic argument and such separate realm such as international system
Oil's war on Iraq?
If the intervention in Iraq really a "war for oil", then a part of the war more positive effects seen in Baghdad last week. Oil from the country Hussain al-Shahristani Minister, leader of the auction, the development rights for seven large oil fields in a tender under various international consortia. Three features of the results is remarkable. The auction for the service contract when the production-sharing agreement the advantage that large companies awarded. This price is set at between $ 1.15 and $ 1.90 per barrel to $ 4 suggested that the bidder initially comply. And American companies are generally not the winner of the auction in the consortium identified himself to do with Malaysia, Russia, Angola, and also their best. (Exxon Mobil and Occidental in previous negotiations, was given a contact at the Iraqi oil fields, other.)
So, vulgar and hysterical part of the "war for oil" discredited interpretation: the independence of Iraq to the people outside of the building away from overstated, and there is no real correlation between the U.S. interests and results. Besides that we have a very serious interest in the success of these efforts expression. If the restoration of Iraqi oil fields, and even if production continued to increase, the state will begin buyback had gone mad under the regime of Saddam Hussein, the price of oil infrastructure and then left with the lowered results. The current production is around 2.5 million barrels per day, which can be based on current projections, increased to 7 million barrels within a relatively short time and that Shahristani, perhaps optimistic, believes may be based on 12 million barrels per days in 2016 years to rise. The potential for recovery is certainly there. Iraq has executed, the third largest proven reserves in the world at 115 billion barrels, and new exploration, since the removal of Saddam Hussein and the lifting of sanctions, that even this figure may be low in the.
Does this mean that Iraq will soon compete with the production of Saudi Arabia and Iran. This is what many are used by us in the regime-change camp to show: a big, beautiful price of a democratic and federal Iraq, which lies between the two parasites in a position to challenge duopoly theocracies and their oil.
If you do two things in mind to understand, even for something more. Exceptional cruelty and brutality of the "uprising", the continued daily killing of Iraqis in the country, not patrolled by the United States is the size of the mercenaries and the reactionary movement financed from abroad. Killer Sunni Al-Qaeda in Mesopotamia interesting about the sources of aid from Saudi Arabia, while Shiite groups a share of the shadow of the so-called paramilitary Revolutionary Guards and other elements of the Iranian dictatorship. Those who shed blood for oil, and efforts to restore a country that their patrons can occur in more than one way to influence the problem. Syrian regime, with the same obvious reasons, some arms and money, and the gangsters, maybe a special sympathy for the former Baath party.
Quantcast
I would say that it is far more important to pretend Iraq in overcoming its most prominent religious and political criminals in the country for global economic health and that Pakistan is our friend in the area is dominated by rocks, cliffs, and poppy fields. But perhaps the lessons of Iraq is to help the gene. Stanley McChrystal David Petraeus and the new task in this case, terrorism in Iraq experience has also proven very valuable.
Dimension of interest to the realities of oily internal situation in Iraq. If you remember two years ago, the media consensus that Iraq was destined for a civil war, unless they already live together. Well, despite some terrible provocation and retaliation, because it has not happened. One possible reason is to work, the incentive to revive the national prosperity again. The last time I was in Baghdad, I stayed in the house of a Kurdish member of the Government of hard-man who has spent his life fighting for years for at least an autonomous Kurdistan in Iraq. "But now I am sitting on the budget committee," he told me, 'and I see how this country is very rich. I told my friends at home in the north: the not to run this department. "
A version of the same remark may also apply in the Anbar province, where new discoveries are important oil and gas have been made since the liberation. There are areas in the vicinity of Baghdad and stretching west across the country, almost all the way to the Syrian border. The problem is often used in the sectarian sense, this means that the main deposits in Sunni Arab areas are located. (For more information about this topic, see the report James Glanz in The New York Times on February 19, 2007.) During the period of dictatorship and brutal aggression to pursue Saddam Hussein, the Sunni minority, the minorities in Tikrit despotism of the majority Shia and the Kurds, especially since in the basement, the head of state funds. Now, fat, however, a basic petrochemical federalism federalism is defined not by religion or ethnic origin, but by the provinces and regions. (For an excellent guide constitutional implications, see Brendan O'Leary's book How to integrity of Iraq.)
The argument for a regime change in Iraq are still stuck in the claims about weapons of mass destruction and other disputes. But to an important and extensive selection, and always is this: Iraq could have a future, stand where their children skip school to watch over tribalism barricades of burning tires, and all the militia system and cross-border interference resolved libel. Iraq slowly or the nationality of the federal structure that allows for extensive decentralization and electoral solution to the differences and the court, with the revival of the economy, which in turn make every citizen of his rich neighbor Kuwait and a former victim be rebuilt. Win or lose, that's the best he could offer Iraqis, and it was the elderly, but fear still dangerous side oligarchy. There is obviously something that is worth arguing about and fighting for pay.
So, vulgar and hysterical part of the "war for oil" discredited interpretation: the independence of Iraq to the people outside of the building away from overstated, and there is no real correlation between the U.S. interests and results. Besides that we have a very serious interest in the success of these efforts expression. If the restoration of Iraqi oil fields, and even if production continued to increase, the state will begin buyback had gone mad under the regime of Saddam Hussein, the price of oil infrastructure and then left with the lowered results. The current production is around 2.5 million barrels per day, which can be based on current projections, increased to 7 million barrels within a relatively short time and that Shahristani, perhaps optimistic, believes may be based on 12 million barrels per days in 2016 years to rise. The potential for recovery is certainly there. Iraq has executed, the third largest proven reserves in the world at 115 billion barrels, and new exploration, since the removal of Saddam Hussein and the lifting of sanctions, that even this figure may be low in the.
Does this mean that Iraq will soon compete with the production of Saudi Arabia and Iran. This is what many are used by us in the regime-change camp to show: a big, beautiful price of a democratic and federal Iraq, which lies between the two parasites in a position to challenge duopoly theocracies and their oil.
If you do two things in mind to understand, even for something more. Exceptional cruelty and brutality of the "uprising", the continued daily killing of Iraqis in the country, not patrolled by the United States is the size of the mercenaries and the reactionary movement financed from abroad. Killer Sunni Al-Qaeda in Mesopotamia interesting about the sources of aid from Saudi Arabia, while Shiite groups a share of the shadow of the so-called paramilitary Revolutionary Guards and other elements of the Iranian dictatorship. Those who shed blood for oil, and efforts to restore a country that their patrons can occur in more than one way to influence the problem. Syrian regime, with the same obvious reasons, some arms and money, and the gangsters, maybe a special sympathy for the former Baath party.
Quantcast
I would say that it is far more important to pretend Iraq in overcoming its most prominent religious and political criminals in the country for global economic health and that Pakistan is our friend in the area is dominated by rocks, cliffs, and poppy fields. But perhaps the lessons of Iraq is to help the gene. Stanley McChrystal David Petraeus and the new task in this case, terrorism in Iraq experience has also proven very valuable.
Dimension of interest to the realities of oily internal situation in Iraq. If you remember two years ago, the media consensus that Iraq was destined for a civil war, unless they already live together. Well, despite some terrible provocation and retaliation, because it has not happened. One possible reason is to work, the incentive to revive the national prosperity again. The last time I was in Baghdad, I stayed in the house of a Kurdish member of the Government of hard-man who has spent his life fighting for years for at least an autonomous Kurdistan in Iraq. "But now I am sitting on the budget committee," he told me, 'and I see how this country is very rich. I told my friends at home in the north: the not to run this department. "
A version of the same remark may also apply in the Anbar province, where new discoveries are important oil and gas have been made since the liberation. There are areas in the vicinity of Baghdad and stretching west across the country, almost all the way to the Syrian border. The problem is often used in the sectarian sense, this means that the main deposits in Sunni Arab areas are located. (For more information about this topic, see the report James Glanz in The New York Times on February 19, 2007.) During the period of dictatorship and brutal aggression to pursue Saddam Hussein, the Sunni minority, the minorities in Tikrit despotism of the majority Shia and the Kurds, especially since in the basement, the head of state funds. Now, fat, however, a basic petrochemical federalism federalism is defined not by religion or ethnic origin, but by the provinces and regions. (For an excellent guide constitutional implications, see Brendan O'Leary's book How to integrity of Iraq.)
The argument for a regime change in Iraq are still stuck in the claims about weapons of mass destruction and other disputes. But to an important and extensive selection, and always is this: Iraq could have a future, stand where their children skip school to watch over tribalism barricades of burning tires, and all the militia system and cross-border interference resolved libel. Iraq slowly or the nationality of the federal structure that allows for extensive decentralization and electoral solution to the differences and the court, with the revival of the economy, which in turn make every citizen of his rich neighbor Kuwait and a former victim be rebuilt. Win or lose, that's the best he could offer Iraqis, and it was the elderly, but fear still dangerous side oligarchy. There is obviously something that is worth arguing about and fighting for pay.
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